Heres a worksheet on reduced relative clauses for you to check your students on reduced relative clauses. Remember that adjective clauses contain a subject and a verb, begin with a relative pronoun who, whom, whose, that, which, and are dependent clauses, which means that they cannot stand alone. You also cannot leave out the relative pronoun in nondefining relative clauses, in the way you sometimes can in defining relative clauses. There are two kinds of relative clauses relative clauses contain information about nouns. English lessons with adam learn english engvid 792,408 views. Both that and which can be used in this relative clause and the pronoun can be left out because there is a subject. Relative pronouns and clauses in english grammar exercises. Here you will find many relative clauses english grammar exercises at all levels so you can practice and improve your knowledge of relative clauses. Relative clauses defining and nondefining that, which. To understand the distinctions between that and which it is necessary to understand defining restrictive and nondefining nonrestrictive clauses learning these distinctions is one technical aspect of grammar that every user of english should understand, because it is at the root of an assortment of grammatical errors. We dont use that in nondefining relative clauses, so we need to use which if the pronoun refers to a thing, and who if it refers to a person.
Gorillas, which are large and originate in africa, can sometimes be found in zoos. Reducing relative clauses is difficult to understand. That something or someone is the object of the preposition at. Time adverb clause reductions change from adverb clause sv to an adverb phrase book page 374 rule. A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about. The people who were sitting at the back couldnt hear. Relative clauses in advanced english are clauses that begin. The man who wants to talk to you is waiting for you.
English esl relative clauses powerpoint presentations. The building that is across from robinson hall a is the fenwick library the building across from robinson hall a is the fenwick library the two sentences above have completely identical meaning, but the number of words to express the same idea is different. Crucial in the occurrence of a relative clause, and so basic that it is often skipped over is the fact of. Shortened constructions impossible 1 they spend a lot of time in their garden, which runs right down to a river right down to a river is underlined 2 david, who is going fishing with harry, is his nephew.
It shows that the action is done to the subject, not by the subject. Relative clauses and contact clauses englischtipps. The letter thatwhich peter has sent to you is in the drawer. It takes lots of practice, so make sure to write down what you learn as you learn online. The information is essential in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A relative clause connects ideas by using pronouns that relate to something previously mentioned and allows the writer to combine two independent clauses into one sentence. Here the clause who just walked in is an example of a relative clause. A collection of english esl relative clauses, advanced c1 worksheets for home learning, online practice, distance learning and english classes to teach abo. The people at the back couldnt hear we can also do this when the verb in the relative clause. Relative clauses defining relative clauses grammar. Understanding adjective clauses an adjective clause also called a relative clause is a group of words that modify or describe a noun.
A defining relative clause usually comes immediately. I am looking at a woman she is looking at the water. Relative clauses can also be reduced to shorter forms if the relative clause modifies the subject of a sentence. Next weekend im going to glasgow, where my sister lives. A nondefining or nonessential clause gives us more information about the person or thing we are talking about. In this sentence we are talking about all gorillas, not just some of them. Defining clauses restrictive clauses a defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about. Placing the subject at the beginning of the participle clause.
This is a clause that generally modifies a noun or a noun phrase and is often introduced by a relative pronoun which, that, who, whom, whose. English grammar relative clauses relative clauses introduction there are two types of relative clauses. A participle can often be used instead of a relative pronoun and full verb. Reduction of adverbial clauses to modifying phrases. As the name suggests, nondefining relative clauses tell us more about someone or something, but the information in these clauses does not help us to define what we are talking about. Relative clause reduction refers to removing a relative pronoun to reduce. The reduction of an adjective clause to an adjective phrase is possible. Gencebay90hi one of my grammar books grammar in context tells the following about reductions in nondefining relative clauses. We can omit the present participle when it is followed by a prepositional phrase. Onupon graduating from university, she applied for a job. Review the rules on relative clauses and youll be able to do this as well.
If a nondefining relative clause is removed from a sentence, we lose some detail, but the overall meaning of the sentence remains the same. More practice reducing adverb clauses change one of the two sentences to an adverb clause to combine the two sentences. There is no difference in meaning between these, though who tends to be preferred in more formal use. Omitting the ing form when it is followed by a prepositional phrase. Nondefining relative clauses defining relative clauses these describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. Having been trained for 2 years, he has become very skilful in the trade. We dont change anything in the form of first conditionals at all. More practice reducing adverb clauses change one of the. The most important unit of grammatical organization in linguistics is the sentence.
Page 1 of 4 participle phrases as reduced relative clauses. Extra practice reductions reductions are shorter sentences with the same meaning. We cant drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause. This article introduces relpron, a large data set of subject and object relative clauses, for the evaluation of methods in compositional distributional semantics. In the worksheet, students first need to decide whether the relative clause can be reduced or not, then make the necessary changes in the sentence to make it shorter. The relative pronoun can be deleted if there is a new subject and verb following it a. English esl relative clauses, advanced c1 worksheets. Reduced relative clauses replace the relative clause by a participle construction ing for active and ed for passive while keeping the rest of the sentence unchanged. A relative or adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun and is introduced by a relative pronoun who, whom, whose, which. Explains certain parametric differences on relative clause formation between.
Tenses printable pdf worksheets for english language learners intermediate level b1. Relative clauses b1 pdf worksheets english practice. In defining clauses, we can omit the relative pronoun in the position of object. If i want to turn these sentences into adjective clauses, i must keep the preposition the woman at whom i am looking is sitting near the ocean the water at which she is looking is blue. Photocopy pdf from the oxford advanced english file. A reduced adjective clause begins with either a present participle or a past participle. In nondefining relative clauses, you cannot replace other pronouns with that. Reduction of an adjective clause to an adjective phrase reduction of an adjective clause to an adjective phrase. A relative clause is also known as an adjective clause.
In passive sentences or when the verb to be is the. An adjective phrase is a reduction of an adjective clause. The pronoun is required, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause. Relative clauses in english exercises advanced level esl. Relative clauses contain at least a subject and a verb and are used to modify nouns, pronouns, or sometimes whole phrases. Understanding relative clauses a relative or adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun and is introduced by a relative pronoun who, whom, whose, which, or that or occasionally a relative adverb usually when, where, or why. The adjective clause in a can be reduced to the adjective phrase in b. Learn more about using defining relative clauses correctly nondefining clauses. Relative clauses are usually introduced by a relative pronoun usually who, which, that, but when, where and whose are also possible with defining relative clauses we can use who or that to talk about people. You may remove the relative pronoun and reduce your sentence in certain conditions. Relative clauses are also called adjective clauses. Relative clauses function as subordinate or dependent clauses and therefore cannot stand alone as complete sentences. English lessons and exercises conditionals if clauses inversion omitting if the first conditionals in if clauses type 1, we can make inversion by omitting if.